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Years ago, diphtheria was a widespread and greatly feared
disease. Through the 1920's, about 150,000 cases and 15,000 deaths occurred annually.
Since that time, the disease has gradually declined. There
were 910 cases in 1960, 435 in 1970, 146 in 1976. Today, only a few cases occur each year,
thanks to parents who have made certain that their children are immunized against this
terrible disease.
Diphtheria is caused by a bacterium that is found in the
mouth, throat, and nose of a person infected with the disease. This germ is easily passed
to others in the tiny droplets of moisture that are expelled by coughing or sneezing.
Diphtheria also can be spread by carriers - people who harbor the bacteria but remain in
apparent good health.
Usually, diphtheria develops in the throat, where a grayish
membrane may form. If the membrane continues to grow, it can interfere with swallowing. If
it extends to the windpipe, it can block the passage of air and cause the patient to
suffocate. Other early symptoms are sore throat, a slight fever, and chills.
Diphtheria is a treatable disease, but if treatment is
inadequate, or if it is not begun in time, a powerful toxin, or poison, may be produced by
the diphtheria bacteria and may spread throughout the body. The poison may cause serious
complications such as paralysis that may last for as long as 3 or 4 months, heart failure,
or broncho-pneumonia. About 1 in every 10 persons who get diphtheria dies of it.
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